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Tuesday, March 26, 2013

How salty is that seawater? Ask the Aquarius satellite Satellite measures ocean salinity to study circulation and the water cycle.


Artist's conception of SAC-D satellite
Some 400 miles above the Earth, NASA satellites are watching you. They’re not actually interested inyou or anything you do, of course—they’re just making measurements of environmental variables like temperature or cloud cover. While most people equate space agencies like NASA or the ESA with the exploration of extraterrestrial destinations, a critical part of their mission is to study our own planet from the unique orbital point of view.
The advantages are obvious: rapid coverage of large areas using the same instrument and continuous data collection. But there are challenges, too. It’s not exactly cheap to get the instrument up there, and if a component breaks, it’s game over. Then there’s the not insignificant task of finding a way to measure the thing you’re interested in from hundreds of miles away.
One of the newest members of the Earth-observing club is Aquarius (along with its friends aboard the SAC-D satellite). Launched on June 20, 2011, the satellite is a collaborative effort between the US and Argentina. Its job? To map surface ocean salinity around the globe and improve our understanding of ocean circulation and the hydrologic cycle.
The Aquarius instrument consists of two main components. The actual salinity measurement is made by a microwave radiometer that surveys the radiation emitted by the ocean surface. Because salinity affects the electrical conductivity of ocean water, it changes the microwave emissions perceptibly.
If the sea surface was perfectly smooth and calm, that would be pretty straightforward. But because waves affect the way that the radiation is emitted, it’s necessary to account for the roughness of the sea. This is accomplished by using a radar scatterometer that bounces energy off the surface and measures how much returns directly to the satellite.
The funny looking visor on the front of the satellite (interactive schematic here) is a reflector that focuses the signal, which is funneled through three “feed horns." The satellite is on a Sun-synchronous orbit, meaning it orbits from pole to pole in a plane that rotates westward around the Earth. Simply put, wherever it passes over the surface, it’s roughly 6pm. The business end of the satellite is pointed toward the dark side of the Earth, away from the Sun. As a result, the solar panels at the rear of the spacecraft point backwards, and the dog cone collar on the front is meant to shade the Aquarius instruments.
The underbelly of the satellite houses other instruments hitching a ride on SAC-D, which were built by the French, Italians, Canadians, and Argentinians. This includes another microwave radiometer tuned to study atmospheric conditions and sea ice, an infrared sensor to spot wildfires and measure sea surface temperature, and a camera looking for fires and aurorae. Two French instruments have very different tasks—investigating how cosmic radiation affects electronics and scanning for space debris.

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